Parrots, Cockroaches, Octopuses: Are They Conscious?

Which living organisms are conscious, feeling creatures, and which more like sophisticated robots that can only respond to stimuli solve simple problems? There many different hotly debated answers this question. We used biology come up with a new approach for determining conscious. propose learn in specific, flexible manner Using criterion, it is likely consciousness first appeared about 540 million years ago now be found animal species. If our ideas accepted, means we must change attitude toward non-human animals do better job of protecting them from pain suffering.